| DCT | Discrete cosine transform |
| EM | Expectation maximisation |
| FA | Factor analysis |
| HNFA | Hierarchical nonlinear factor analysis |
| HNFA+VM | Hierarchical nonlinear factor analysis with variance modelling |
| ICA | Independent component analysis |
| KL | Kullback-Leibler (divergence) |
| MAP | Maximum a posteriori (solution) |
| ML | Maximum likelihood (solution) |
| MLP | Multi-layer perceptron (network) |
| NCA | Nonlinear component analysis |
| NFA | Nonlinear factor analysis |
| PCA | Principal component analysis |
| Probability density function | |
| RBF | Radial basis function |
| SOM | Self-organising map |
| std | Standard deviation |